Introduction: Over the last two decades, meditation practices—especially mindfulnessbased interventions—have become increasingly integrated into clinical and neuroscientific research. Mindfulness-related meditations (MM) train attentional regulation and emotional awareness and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. However, advanced contemplative practices, often described as non-dual mindfulness (NDM) or nature of mind practices, target more fundamental features of experience. Rather than sustaining attention on specific objects, these practices aim to recognize awareness itself, dissolving the subject–object distinction and deconstructing the sense of a fixed, enduring self.
Emerging evidence suggests that NDM practices may foster cognitive flexibility, reduce maladaptive self-referential processing, and provide therapeutic benefits for conditions such as major depression and PTSD (Garcia-Campayo et al., 2023). Yet, the scientific study of these states is in its infancy.